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Beyond its terrible toll in human lives and suffering, the Ebola epidemic has inflicted a measurable economic impact on West Africa in terms of forgone output, higher fiscal deficits, rising prices, lower real household incomes, and greater poverty. This impact results partly from the health-care costs and forgone productivity associated with being infected, but it is driven principally by the efforts of the uninfected population to avoid exposure ('aversion behavior'). The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short- and Medium-Term Estimates for West Africa provides a mixed methods ana

Ebola virus disease --- Epidemics --- Public health --- Economic aspects --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Disease outbreaks --- Diseases --- Outbreaks of disease --- Pestilences --- Ebola fever --- Ebola hemorrhagic fever --- Outbreaks --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Communicable diseases --- Hemorrhagic fever --- Virus diseases --- Pandemics

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Finanzas y Desarrollo, diciembre de 2014.

Economic assistance --- Finance --- International finance --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Diseases: Contagious --- Health Policy --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- Health Behavior --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Health systems & services --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Data capture & analysis --- Health --- Health care spending --- Health care --- Communicable diseases --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Medical care --- Big data --- China, People's Republic of

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Provides an overview of the current labour market situation of people with disabilities in the EECA region and identifies the main challenges. Discusses the main United Nations and ILO standards related to the rights of people with disabilities.

Disabilities. --- Disability --- Disabling conditions --- Handicaps --- Impairment --- Physical disabilities --- Physical handicaps --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Animals with disabilities --- People with disabilities --- Disabilities --- E-books

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Abstract What do climate change, global financial crises, pandemics, and fragility and conflict have in common? They are all examples of global risks that can cross geographical and generational boundaries and whose mismanagement can reverse gains in development and jeopardize the well-being of generations. Managing risks such as these becomes a global public good, whose benefits also cross boundaries, providing a rationale for collective action facilitated by the international community. Yet, as many public goods, provision of global public goods suffer from collective action failures that undermine international coordination. This paper discusses the obstacles to addresing these global risks effectively, highlighting their implications for the current juncture. It claims that remaining gaps in information, resources, and capacity hamper accumulation and use of knowledge to triger appropriate action, but diverging national interests remain the key impediment to cooperation and effectiveness of global efforts, even when knowledge on the risks and their consequences are well understood. The paper argues that managing global risks requires a cohesive international community that enables its stakeholders to work collectively around common goals by facilitating sharing of knowledge, devoting resources to capacity building, and protecting the vulnerable. When some countries fail to cooperate, the international community can still forge cooperation, including by realigning incentives and demonstrating benefit from incremental steps toward full cooperation.

Risk --- Economics --- Common good. --- International cooperation. --- Cooperation, International --- Global governance --- Institutions, International --- Interdependence of nations --- International institutions --- World order --- Cooperation --- International relations --- International organization --- Good, Common --- Public good --- Political science --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Justice --- Public interest --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Uncertainty --- Probabilities --- Profit --- Risk-return relationships --- Economic aspects. --- Risk management. --- Financial Risk Management --- Taxation --- International Economics --- Environmental Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Macroeconomics --- Externalities --- Conflict --- Conflict Resolution --- Alliances --- Financial Crises --- Public Goods --- Health: Government Policy --- Regulation --- Public Health --- Other Economic Systems: International Trade, Finance, Investment and Aid --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- Health Behavior --- Health: General --- Climate change --- Public finance & taxation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Health economics --- Tax incentives --- International cooperation --- Financial crises --- Communicable diseases --- Environment --- Health --- Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 --- Climatic changes --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- United States

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KEY ISSUES Background. The Ebola outbreak that started in one district in late May has spread to the entire country, overwhelming already weak institutions and ill-equipped medical facilities. At end-August, over 1000 people were infected and more than a third had died from the disease. The country’s social and economic fabric is also adversely affected by the epidemic. Economic growth has slowed, inflationary pressures have intensified, and new balance of payments and fiscal financing needs have emerged. The epidemic has heightened food insecurity and impacted livelihoods for a large portion of the population, generating additional distress for vulnerable groups. The program. In October 21, 2013, the Executive Board approved a three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) for Sierra Leone totaling SDR 62.2 million (60 percent of quota). The first review under the program was completed on June 19, 2014. Preliminary indications are that performance under the program is on track, in spite of weaknesses in budget execution at end-June. The authorities’ requests. In the attached letter of intent, the Sierra Leone authorities are requesting an Ad Hoc review under the ECF arrangement, and an augmentation of access in an amount equivalent to 25 percent of quota (SDR 25.925 million), in a single disbursement. These resources, together with contributions from other donors will help cover balance of payments and budgetary financing needs generated by the Ebola epidemic. The authorities are also requesting a modification of end-December 2014 performance criteria on net domestic bank credit to the central government, and on net domestic assets of the central bank. Safeguard assessment. A safeguards assessment of the Bank of Sierra Leone (BoSL) was completed in March 2014. The BoSL is taking steps to strengthen its safeguards framework and staff is monitoring implementation of the recommendations from the assessment. Staff views. Staff supports the completion of the Ad Hoc review, and the authorities’ requests.

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Diseases: Respiratory --- Budgeting --- Health Behavior --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Trade: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Budgeting & financial management --- Ebola --- Expenditure --- Imports --- Credit --- Health --- International trade --- Money --- Budget planning and preparation --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Ebola virus disease --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking --- Budget --- Sierra Leone